Cultural Development Strategies and Urban Gay Tourism Revitalization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/3927Keywords:
Gay Tourism, Music Festivals, Urban Tourism, Brand, BarcelonaAbstract
Municipal governments increasingly turn to cultural and leisure activities to promote and revitalize their cities. This study analysed the development of gay tourism in Barcelona (Spain) by means of music festivals. While a significant body of literature has examined revitalization strategies that focus primarily around entertainment and commerce, this paper focuses on strategies in the development of cultural and leisure activities around this specific tourism population. It presents findings from a local survey distributed to key stakeholders in the promotion and development of this tourism (local agents and gay tourists). The survey data indicate that although most agents are guided by a varied set of goals, marketing objectives (“image city” and “brand city”) guide the development and support of urban gay tourism in Barcelona.
References
Andersson, T., & Getz, D. (2008). “Stakeholder management strategies of festivals”. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 9(3), pp. 199-220.
Arcodia, C., & Robb, A. (2000). “A taxonomy of event management terms”. In: Allen, J., Harris, R., Jago, L. K. & Veal, A. J. (Eds.), Events Beyond 2000 (pp. 154-160). Sydney: Australian Centre for Event Management.
Barroso, C., Martin, E., & Martin, D. (2007). “The influence of market heterogeneity on the relationship between a destination’s image and tourists’ future behaviour”. Tourism Management, 28(1), pp. 175-187.
Bell, D. (1991). “Insignificant others: lesbian and gay geographies”. Area, 23, pp. 323-329.
Benach, N., & Tello, R. (2004). “Estrategias de transformación del espacio y flujos de población en Barcelona”. Revista de Geografía, 3, pp. 93-114.
Berdychevsky, L., Nimrod, G., Kleiber, D.A., & Gobson, H.J. (2013). “Sex as Leisure in the Shadow of Depresión”. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(1), art. 2.
Bigné, E., Font, X. & Andreu, L. (2000). Marketing de destinos turísticos. Análisis y estrategias de desarrollo. Madrid: Esic Editorial.
Borja, J. (2010). Luces y sombras del urbanismo de Barcelona. Barcelona: Editorial UOC.
Browne, K. (2008). “Imagining Cities, Living the Other: Between the Gay Urban Idyll and Rural Lesbian Lives”. The Open Geography Journal, 1, pp. 25-32.
Buhalis, D. (2003). eTourism: information technology for strategic tourism management. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Buhalis, D. (2000). “Marketing the competitive destination of the future”. Tourism Management, 21, pp. 97-116.
Capel, H. (2010).”¿En qué ha fallado Barcelona?”. Finisterra, vol. XLV, nº 90, pp. 173-204.
Carbone, F., Oosterbeek, L. & Costa, C. (2013). “The tourist enhancement of archaeological heritage on behalf of local communities”. Pasos, 11(2), pp. 285-295.
Clift, S., Luongo, M., & Callister, C. (2002). Gay tourism. Culture, Identity and Sex. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Echtner, C.M., & Richie, J.R.B. (1991). “The meaning and measurement of destination image”. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 2(2), pp. 2-12.
Ejarque, J. (2005). Destinos turísticos de éxito. Diseño, creación, gestión y marketing. Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide.
Elizagarate, V. (2003). Marketing de ciudades. Madrid: Esic Editorial.
Evans, G. (2003). “Hard-branding the cultural city: from Prado to Prada”. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27(2), pp. 417–440.
Getz, D. (2005). Event Management and Event Tourism. New York: Cognizant Com.
Hammitt, W.E., Kyle, G.T., & Chi-Ok, O. (2009). “Comparison of Place Bonding Models in Recreation Resource Management”. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), art. 3.
Harvey, D. (1991). “The urban face of capitalism”. In: J. F. Hunt (Ed.) Our Changing Cities, 50–66. Baltimore, NJ: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hindle, P. (1994). “Gay communities and gay space in the city”. In S. Whittle (Ed.), The margins of the city: Gay men’s urban lives (pp. 7-25). Aldershot: Arena.
Holcomb, B., & Luongo, M. (1996). “Research notes and reports”. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), pp. 711-713.
Hosteltur (2007). Notícias de turismo y economía. Madrid: Hosteltur Publicaciones.
Hughes, H. (2002). “Gay men’s holiday destination choice: a case of risk and avoidance”. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4, pp. 299-312.
Jansson, A. (2003). “The negotiated city image: reproduction and change through urban consumption”. Urban Studies, 40(3), pp. 463–479.
Jensen-Campbell, C. (2004). The gay/lesbian travel marketplace. White Paper. San Francisco: Cam Jensen-Campbell.
Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1994). “The synergy between shopping and tourism: the Japanese experience”. In: Global tourism: the next decade, W. Theobald (ed.), pp. 347–362. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Kotler, P., & Amstrong, G. (2005). Principles of marketing (9Th ed.). London: Prentice Hall.
Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2007). Marketing en el sector público. Todas las claves para su mejora. Madrid: Pearson.
Law, C. (1993). Urban Tourism: Attracting Visitors to Major Cities. London: Mansell.
Mac Kercher, B., & Du Cros, H. (2002). Cultural Tourism: The Partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. London: Haworth Hospitality Press.
Maclead. D.V.L. (2004). Tourism, Globalisation and Cultural Change. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Melián-González, A., Moreno-Gil, S., & Araña, J.E. (2011). “Gay tourism in a sun and beach destination”. Tourism Management, 32, pp.1027-1037.
Mintel (2000). The gay holiday market. London: Mintel International Group Limited.
Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (1998). Tourism,Promotion and Power: Creating Images, Creating Identities. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
Mulryan, D. (1995). “Reaching the gay market”. American Demographics, 17, pp. 46-60.
Paskaleva-Shapira, K. (2008). “New paradigms in city tourism management: redefining destination promotion”. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), pp. 108-114.
Pike, S. (2002). “Destination image analysis: A review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000”. Tourism Management, 23, pp. 541-549.
Pitts, B.G. (1997). “Sports tourism and niche markets: identification and analysis of the growing lesbian and gay sports tourism industry”. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5, pp. 31-50.
Prat, J.M.; & Cànoves, G. (2012). “La motivación del turista homosexual en la elección de destinos culturales urbanos”. Turydes, vol. 5, nº 13.
Pritchard, A., Morgan, N., Sedgely, D., & Jenkins, A. (1998). “Reaching out to the gay tourist: opportunities and threats in an emerging market segment”. Tourism Management, 19(3), pp. 273-282.
Reci (2011). Randow Europe Country Index. London: Gay and Lesbian International Association.
Reid, S. (2011). “Event stakeholder management: develop ing sustainable rural event practices”. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2(1), pp. 20-36.
Richards, G. (2007). Cultural Tourism: Global and Local Perspectives. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). “The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001”. Urban Studies, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 1931–1951.
Ries, A. & Trout, J. (1986). Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind. New York: Warner B.
Russell, P. (2001). “The world gay travel market”. Travel and Tourism Analyst, 2, pp. 37-58.
Salman, D. (2010). “Rethinking of Cities, Culture and Tourism within a Creative Perspective”. Pasos, 8(3), pp. 1-5.
Schuster, J.M. (2001). “Ephemera, temporary urbanism and imaging”. In: L. J. Vale and S. Bass Warner (Eds.) Imaging the City, pp. 361–396. New Brunswick, NJ: CUPR.
Scott, A.J. (2004). “Cultural-products industries and urban economic development: prospects for growth and market contestation in global context”. Urban Affairs, 39(4), pp. 461-490.
Sigala, M., & Leslie, D. (2005). International cultural tourism: management implications and cases. Oxford : Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann.
Tasci, A.D.A., Gartner, W.C., & Cavusgil, S.T. (2007). “Measurement of destination brand bias using a quasi-experimental design”. Tourism Management, 28, pp. 1529-1540.
Tello, R., & Martinez, S. (1995). “Terciarización y encarecimiento de la vivienda en Barcelona”. Revista de Geografía, II, nº 29.
Turespaña (2013). Estadísticas del turismo homosexual en España. Madrid: Turespaña
Turisme de Catalunya (2013). El movimiento LGTB en Catalunya. Barcelona: Agència Catalana de Turismo.
Visser, G. (2003). “Gay men, tourism and urban space: reflections on Africa’s gay capital”. Tourism Geographies, 5, pp. 168-189.
Waitt, G., & Markwell, K. (2006). Gay tourism. Culture and context. New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 jose m prat forga, gemma cànoves
Copyrights and publishing rights of all the texts on this journal belong to the respective authors without restrictions.
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (full legal code).
See also our Open Access Policy.
