Managing Risk of Ski Resorts with Snow Options
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/3723Keywords:
Ski Tourism, Management, Climate Changing, Tourism BusinessAbstract
The main problem for the tourism businesses which operate in ski resorts is that their revenue are strictly connected to the cumulative snowfall level. The uncertainty about the snowfall due the climate changing has made this type of business highly risky, for this reason few or no investments are made every year to improve the resorts, the slopes or the lifts; continuing in this way, the resort in few years will face to a loss in competitiveness, thus less tourists, less revenue and less business.The present work purposes to show a possible hedging strategy against the financial problems due to the scarcity of snow: the weather derivatives.
Due to the fact that in Italy there are many ski resorts situated at an altitude from 1300m to 2000m, we focus our analysis on Andalo, in Italian Alps and we obtain the estimated prices of a put snow option by applying three different methods proposed in literature.
We suggest, finally, the ideal prices for Paganella lift operator in Andalo, showing how the use of weather derivatives may be very helpful in the risk management for ski resort related to snow scarcity events.
References
Alaton, P., Djehiche, B., & Stillberger, D. (2002). On modelling and pricing weather derivatives. Applied Mathematical Finance, 9(1), 1–20.
Bajo, E., Righetti, S., (2005). Weather derivatives come strumento per la copertura del rischio climatico: un'applicazione empirica su dati italiani. Analisi Finanziaria, 58, 110-128
Bank, M., Wiesner, R., (2010). The Use of Weather Derivatives by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Reasons and Obstacles. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship vol. 23 issue 4, pp. 581 - 600.
Bank, M., Wiesner, R., (2011) Determinants of weather derivatives usage in the Austrian winter tourism industry. Tourism Management vol.32 issue 1, pp. 62-68.
Barrieu P., Scaillet O., A primer on weather derivatives- Handbook on Uncertainty and Environmental Decision Making (eds: Jerzy Filar and Alain Haurie). Springer International Series in Operations Research and Management science, 2009
Beyazit, M.F., Koc, E. (2010) An analysis of snow options for ski resort establishments. Tourism Management, 31(2010), 676-683.
Beyazit, M.F., Koc, E. (2012). Using Weather-Related Derivative Products for Tourism and Hospitality Businesses, in Visions for Global Tourism Industry - Creating and Sustaining Competitive Strategies, Murat Kasimoglu (Ed.), InTech.
Belli, G., (2012) Le operazioni su weather derivatives tra finalità di copertura e speculazione. Contratto e impresa (4-5), Cedam, pp. 1223-1238.
Brockett, P. L., M. Wang, and C. Yang,(2005). Weather derivatives and weather risk management. Risk Management and Insurance Review, Vol.8, No.1, pp. 127-140.
Brockett, P., Golden, L., Yang, C., Zou, H., (2008). “Addressing Credit and Basis Risk Arising from Hedging Weather-Related Risk with Weather Derivatives”, International Attuarial Association.
Cao, M., Li, A., & Wei, J. (2003). Weather derivatives: A new class of financial instruments. Working Paper. Canada: Schulich School of Business, York University.
Cao, M., Wei.,J., (2004). Weather Derivatives—Valuation and Market Price of Weather Risk. The Journal of Futures Markets vol 24 iss.11, pp. 1065-1089.
Carey G., (2012). Exploring impact of climate on tourism demand. Annals of Tourism Research Volume 39, Issue 4, October 2012, Pages 1859–1883.
Chincarini, L. B., (2009) No Chills or Burns from Temperature Surprises: An Empirical Analysis of the Weather Derivatives Market.
Considine, G., (2002). Intoduction to weather derivatives. Weather derivatives group, Aquila energy.
Cogen, J., (1998). What is weather risk? Power Marketing Association Online Magazine. Retrieved from: http://www.retailenergy.com/articles/weather.htm.
Ossola,G., (2003). I derivati metereologici: aspetti aziendali e contabili. Milano, Giuffrè editore.
Meteorological Office of the United Kingdom,(2001), The costs of the weather.
National Research Council, (2003). National Research Council, Fair weather: Effective partnerships in the weather and climate services.
Finas B.,(2012). The transfer of weather risk faced with the challenges of the future. SCOR Global P&C - Technical newsletter.
Jewson, S., Aders, B., & Ziehmann, C. (2007). Weather derivative valuation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Pèrez-Gonzàez, F., Yun, H.,(2012). Risk management and firm value: Evidence
from weather derivatives. Journal of Finance forthcoming.
Piovani, G., Torluccio, G., Cotugno, M., (2012),Weather Derivatives Market: The Italian Case. European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.30 No.3 , pp. 352-365
Rubinstein, M. (2000). On the relation between binomial and trinomial option pricing models. Working Paper, No: 292. Berkeley: University of California.
Stuart, A., & Ord, K. (1987). Kendall’s advanced theory of statistics. Belfast: Charles Griffin & Ltd.
Zanotti, G., Gabbi, G., (2007). Climate variables and weather derivatives. Gas demand, temperature and seasonality effects in the Italian case, in Weather, Energy and Environmental Hedging.
Sitography
Climetrix. Weather Market Overview,
https://www.climetrix.com/WeatherMarket/MarketOverview/
Weather Risk Management Association. Various years. “Results for the Annual Industry Survey,” http://www.wrma.org/members_survey.html
Chicago Mercantile Exchange. “An Introduction to CME Weather Products,” CME Alternative Investment Products, http://www.cme.com
Chicago Mercantile Exchange.What Every CFO Needs to Know Now about Weather risk Management, http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/weather/files/WeatherRisk_CEO.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Emanuele Sileo
Copyrights and publishing rights of all the texts on this journal belong to the respective authors without restrictions.
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (full legal code).
See also our Open Access Policy.